Economics in One Lesson Essay - 2007 Words

Economics in One Lesson By Henry Hazlitt Dan Gardner History of Economics 360-001 Dr. Smith March 8, 2005 Economics in One Lesson By Henry Hazlitt Henry Hazlitts book, Economics in one lesson, brings to perspective numerous topics that are mainstream issues in the economy today. His book breaks down in detail specific concepts that have their effects on the economy. Hazlitt explains topics such as war and the expenses, the tariff system, and productivity and the minimum wage laws. One concept Hazlitt emphasized on was how economics was viewed for temporary needs, versus more permanently viewed. In addition to theses endless pleading of self-interest, there is a second main factor that spawns new economic fallacies†¦show more content†¦After the war, it is a great chance that commodity will become a demand because it will be presented as going back on the market. This does not mean that a great economy is built because of a war. The economy balances out just after a war takes place. When two countries go to war, land is destroyed, buildings need to be replaced, and in turn money is what is sought so the rebuilding process can begin. It does not necessarily create more jobs, but more money is being used to support what has been lost than what has been gained. What happens after the job is done before the war and after the war? Jobs are again lost and the economy is again at the same point from where they started before the war began. A case can be made for the Civil War, in that industry had boomed due to the fact of the war. But think of all the things that were lost in the process. Many families in the south were reduced to poverty, land was destroyed and unusable for a time, agriculture met a sharp decline, but in the long run things would be better for the people in the south. Hazlitt also makes a good point when he mentions the fetish of full employment. We cannot continuously have the fullest production without full employment. But we can very easily have full employment without full production (Hazlitt p71). This statement is very true. Just because everyone has jobs it does not mean that everyone will be making what they are actually worth. Full employmentShow MoreRelatedEconomics in One Lesson Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics in One Lesson is an introduction to free market economics written by Henry Hazlitt and published in 1946. Hazlitt begins his monumental book by describing the problems with economic science, showing that its fallacies are greatly exacerbated compared to other scientific fields because of special interests in government. The special interest groups consistently advocate policies that they benefit from at the expense of everyone else. Many people, however, believe these fallacies becauseRead MoreEssay Economics in One Lesson By Henry Hazlitt1987 Words   |  8 Pages Henry Hazlitt’s book, Economics in one lesson, brings to perspective numerous topics that are mainstream issues in the economy today. His book breaks down in detail specific concepts that have their effects on the economy. Hazlitt explains topics such as war and the expenses, the tariff system, and productivity and the minimum wage laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One concept Hazlitt emphasized on was how economics was viewed for temporary needs, versus more permanently viewed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In addition to theses endlessRead MoreChinese Housing Price Control and Economic in One Lesson982 Words   |  4 Pagesapply this issue to Economic in One lesson and analysis the inflation and government pricing fixing effects. Introduction Since the reform and opening-up policy published in China in 1978, Chinese economy boomed in the past decades. China is facing great opportunities with its Chinese features; however, it also brings some negative impacts to the society and its people. One of them is the unaffordable commodities price and the most outstanding one is housing price. InflationRead MoreThe Bilderberg Group Conspiracy Theory1548 Words   |  7 PagesNew York Times, Time Magazine, Royals, heads of Parliament, among many others. â€Å"Wealth is only as useful as the power you actually wield with it† and he believes that the group sent, the date for the invasion of Iraq, set oil prices, and caused the economic crash ultimately showing that they run the world (Estulin). The Bilderberg group wants to decrease the population by 80% because they believe that they cannot control the current population (Jones). This is because the elitists want to only haveRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe ability to learn a lesson is one of the most valuable capabilities a human being possesses. As Vernon Law once said; â€Å"Experience is a hard teacher because she gives the test first, the lesson afterward†. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, the children learn extremely beneficial lessons through their experiences that are relevant throughout the course of the story. First of all, the children learn it is inappropriate to base an opinion on someone without taking the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lesson By Toni Cade Bambara1284 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to write about the Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara. This short story caught my attention because Bambara focuses on the economic injustices of Africa n Americans. The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara should have been included in ENC 1102 because her work was influenced by the Civil Rights Movement and Black Nationalist movements in the 1960s. It detailed the struggles and injustices African Americans had to endure during that time. Toni Cade Bambara was a writer and social activist most renownedRead MoreFor This Lesson The Main Concept I Am Trying To Teach Is1120 Words   |  5 PagesFor this lesson the main concept I am trying to teach is the concept of monopolistic competition and the effects it can have on consumers. I decided to do this by focusing on the idea of monopolies in the U.S. Healthcare Insurance industry. My goal is to use maps that demonstrate how states with only a few insurance providers have higher premiums as a result from the lack of competition. When I was researching maps I was looking for maps that had a significant amount of data, yet were simple andRead MoreManagement Economics0U Nit 1685 Words   |  3 Pages1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lesson 1 a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From Lesson 1 how many different definitions of economics can you find? Explain briefly how they are related to one another. [definitions, not descriptions]. 1-Economics is the study of allocation of scarce means to alternative uses. 2- We want to understand the typical person, not the exceptions ir unique people. 3- Economics is not dismal, its about understanding about what is going on. It is an art an a science at the same time. Economic is not an exact scienceRead MoreEconomics : An Integral Part Of Civilization Of The World Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesEconomics is an integral part of civilization of the world. In any case, economics issues that emerged in the community is practically quite difficult to resolve. Henry Hazlitt in his book Economic in one lesson revealed that economics is overshadowed by fallacies because of two main factors which intensify the problem’s complexity. The first factor is the tendency of people to defend their respective interests. One group may have similar interests with all other groups, however, they also haveRead MoreThe Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesToni Cade Bambara addresses how knowledge is the means by which one can escape out of poverty in her story The Lesson. In her story she identifies with race, economic in equality, and literary epiphany during the early 1970’s. In this story children of African American progeny come face to face with their own poverty and reality. This realism of society’s social standard was made known to them on a sunny afternoon field trip to a toy store on Fifth Avenue. Through the use of an African American protagonist

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 829 Words

T’was a gloomy day in my hometown of Coupeville, Seattle. The clouds were gray and the air was crisp. I was strolling down a winding path with barren trees to nothingness. It was a path I had taken before, but today it seemed a bit different. With every step I took, I could hear the crunching of the dead leaves. I could only see two feet in front of me because the fog was thicker than blood. There was a sinister feeling within the air. The wind felt brisk against my skin. I ambled down the path. As I was walking, I passed by a desolate house that I didn’t recognize. As I passed by, I felt a chill trickle down my spine. The house was a meager little cottage, but it seemed to hold something more inside. The wood panels were drab, ashen, with†¦show more content†¦As I was promenading down the stairs, I picked something up and found some type of animal remains. I kept moving forward and stumbled upon a dimly lit room with only one thing in the center; a coffin. I b egan to walk towards it in fear, pondering my fate. Each step I took towards this transcendental coffin, was another step towards an unforeseen fate. I was frightened, but I was also intrigued. My conscious kept telling me to turn back , but my body was subconsciously pulling me forward. With every aching second, my shaking hand slowly began to move closer to the coffin. Time was moving slowly to the point where it stopped completely and my heart began to beat faster than the speed of light. I reached over toward the handle on the coffin, and lifted it with a prim motion. Inside was something far more bloodcurdling than I had ever seen†¦ I saw myself. It seemed that I was the monster people feared. The body in the casket, my body, was paler than snow. My eyes were glazed over like tinted glass and I reeked of something awful. How could I be the monster? My head hurt with confusion. I was always described as a pleasing person. There was not a heinous bone in my body. Next to the casket, there was an hourglass, which was almost full and moving quite slow. The closer I approached to the body, the faster it went. What was happening? I reluctantly grazed my finger upon the cheek of my body. I wasn’t sure what, but I knowShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Sm all drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Oil Spill, Status and Solution free essay sample

Crude oil and refined fuel spills from  tanker ship  accidents have damaged natural  ecosystems  in  Alaska, the  Gulf of Mexico, the  Galapagos Islands, France and many  other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has varied from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (for example : Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,  Atlantic Empress,  Amoco Cadiz) but is a limited barometer of damage or impact. Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems (Exxon Valdez oil spill)  because of the inaccessibilityof the site or the difficulty of an emergency environmental responses. Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of seagoing miles in a thin  oil slick  which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly  bulldozed  around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Spill, Status and Solution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Largest oil spills, ordered by  tons Spill/Tanker |Location |Date |Tons of crude oil |Barrels | | | | |(thousands) |(thousands) | |Kuwaiti oil fires |[pic]Kuwait |January, 1991  Ã‚  November, |136,000-205,000 |1,000,000-1,500,000 | | | |1991 | | | |Kuwaiti oil lakes |[pic]Kuwait |January, 1991  Ã‚  November, |25,000-50,000 |1,050,000-2,100,000 | | | |1991 | | | |Lakeview Gusher |[pic]United States,  Kern |March 14, 1910  Ã¢â‚¬â€œSeptember, |9,000 |378,000 | | |County, California |1911 | | | |Gulf War oil spill |[pic]Kuwait,  Iraq, and |January 19, 1991  -January |6,000–8,000 |252,000–336,000 | | |the  Persian Gulf |28, 1991 | | | |Deepwater Horizon |[pic]United States,  Gulf of |April 20, 2010  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   July 15, |4,100-4,900 |172,000-180,800 | | |Mexico |2010 | | | |Ixtoc I |[pic]Mexico,  Gulf of Mexico |June 3, 1979  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  March 23, |3,329–3,520 |139,818–147,840 | | | |1980 | | | ESTIMATE THE VOLUME OF AN OIL SPILL By ob serving the thickness of the film of oil and its appearance on the surface of the water, it is possible to estimate the quantity of oil spilled. If the surface area of the spill is also known, the total volume of the oil can be calculated. |Film Thickness |Quantity Spread | |Appearance |in |mm |nm |gal/sq mi |L/ha | |Barely Visible |0. 0000015 |0. 0000380 |38 |25 |0. 370 | |Silvery sheen |0. 0000030 |0. 0000760 |76 |50 |0. 730 | |First trace of color |0. 0000060 |0. 0001500 |150 |100 |1. 500 | |Bright bands of color |0. 0000120 |0. 0003000 |300 |200 |2. 900 | |Colors begin to dull |0. 0004000 |0. 010000 |1000 |666 |9. 700 | |Colors are much darker |0. 0008000 |0. 0020000 |2000 |13322 |19. 500 | Oil spill model systems are used by industry and government to assist in planning and emergency decision making. Critical importance for the skill of the oil spill model prediction is the adequate description of the wind and current fields. There is a worldwide oil spill modelling (WOSM) prog ram. Tracking the scope of an oil spill may also involve verifying that hydrocarbons collected during an ongoing spill are derived from the active spill or some other source. NDINGS. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS Having been mentioned above,oil punctures into the structure of the  plumage  of birds and the  fur  of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less  buoyant  in the water. Oil spills can pose grave dangers to surrounding ecosystems. As oil floats on water, it blocks sunlight from getting through to plants and other wildlife below. The substance is also toxic and nullifies the waterproofing and insulating properties of feathers and fur, allowing it to kill animals via poisoning or hypothermia. And oil spills can impede private and commercial fishing, too, spurring economic problems. Animals that rely on scent to find their babies or mothers fade away due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. Oil can weaken an ability to fly of a bird, preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators. As they  preen, birds may ingest the oil coating their feathers, irritating the  digestive tract, altering  liver  function, and causing  kidney  damage. Together with their diminished foraging capacity, this can rapidly result in dehydration and metabolic imbalance. Some birds exposed to petroleum also experience changes in their hormonal balance, including changes in their  luteinizing  protein. The majority of birds affected by oil spills die without human intervention. Some studies have suggested that less than one percent of oil-soaked birds survive, even after cleaning. Heavily furred  marine mammals  exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways. Oil coats the fur of  sea otters  and  seals, reducing its insulating effect, and leading to fluctuations in  body temperature  and  hypothermia. Oil can also blind an animal, leaving it defenseless. The ingestion of oil causes dehydration and weakens the digestive process. Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or liver. There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria. Sulfate-reducing bacteria  (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria are  anaerobic, while general aerobic bacteria (GAB) are  aerobic. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain. ENVIRONMENT SENSITIVE INDEX (ESI) MAPPING Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are used to identify sensitive shoreline resources prior to an oil spill event in order to set priorities for protection and plan cleanup strategies. By planning spill response ahead of time, the impact on the environment can be minimized or prevented. Environmental sensitivity index maps are basically made up of information within the following three categories: shoreline type, and biological and human-use resources. Shoreline type Shoreline  type is classified by rank depending on how easy the garet would be to clean up, how long the oil would persist, and how sensitive the shoreline is. The floating oil slicks put the shoreline at particular risk when they eventually come ashore, covering the  substrate  with oil. The differing substrates between shoreline types vary in their response to oiling, and influence the type of cleanup that will be required to effectively decontaminate the shoreline. In 1995, the US  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  extended ESI maps to lakes, rivers, and estuary shoreline types. The exposure the shoreline has to wave energy and tides, substrate type, and slope of the shoreline are also taken into account—in addition to biological productivity and sensitivity. The productivity of the shoreline habitat is also taken into account when determining ESI ranking. Mangroves  and marshes tend to have higher ESI rankings due to the potentially long-lasting and damaging effects of both the oil contamination and cleanup actions. Impermeable and exposed surfaces with high wave action are ranked lower due to the reflecting waves keeping oil from coming onshore, and the speed at which natural processes will remove the oil. Biological resources Habitats of plants and animals that may be at risk from oil spills are referred to as elements and are divided by functional group. Further classification divides each element into species groups with similar life histories and behaviors relative to their vulnerability to oil spills. There are eight element groups: Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish, Invertebrates, Habitats and Plants, Wetlands, and Marine Mammals and Terrestrial Mammals. Element groups are further divided into sub-groups, for example, the ‘marine mammals’ element group is divided into  dolphins, manatees,pinnipeds  (seals, sea lions walruses),  polar bears,  sea otters  and  whales. Problems taken into consideration when ranking biological resources include the observance of a large number of individuals in a small area, whether special life stages occur ashore (nesting or molting), and whether there are species present that are threatened, endangered or rare. Human-use resources Human use resources are divided into four major: ( Classifications ( Archaeological  importance or cultural resource site, ( High-use recreational areas or shoreline access points, ( Important protected management areas, or resource origins. The oil spills affect all of these four major and they are usually bad effects for our Human life. Some examples include airports, diving sites, popular beach sites, marinas, natural reserves or marine sanctuaries. [pic] A U. S. Air Force Reserve plane sprays Corexit  dispersant over the  Deepwater Horizon oil spill  in the Gulf of Mexico. [pic] Clean-up efforts after the  Exxon Valdez oil spill. [pic] A US Navy oil spill response team drills with a Harbour Buster high-speed oil containment system. [pic] Surf Scoter  covered in oil as a result of the  2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill. [pic] A bird covered in oil from the  Black Sea oil spill. [pic] Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the  Prestige oil spill. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS. Humans have taken a variety of measures to clean up oil spills, but a perfect method has yet to be found. A common first step is to set up floating booms to contain the loose oil, and then pump it up for storage. Chemical dispersants can break up oil into smaller, dispersible droplets, although they can also make oil more toxic. When oil spills reach shorelines, standard cleaning procedures involve a combination of manpower, construction equipment and vacuums CLEANUP AND RECOVERY Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Methods for cleaning up include: †¢ Bioremediation: use of  microorganisms  or  biological agents  to break down or remove oil. Bioremediation Accelerator: Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no bacteria, which chemically and physically bonds to both soluble and insoluble hydrocarbons. The bioremediation accelerator acts as a herding agent in water and o n the surface, floating molecules to the surface of the water, including solubles such as phenols and BTEX, forming gel-like agglomerations. Undetectable levels of hydrocarbons can be obtained in produced water and manageable water columns. By overspraying sheen with bioremediation accelerator, sheen is eliminated within minutes. Whether applied on land or on water, the nutrient-rich emulsion creates a bloom of local, indigenous, pre-existing, hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria. Those specific bacteria break down the hydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide, with EPA tests showing 98% of alkanes biodegraded in 28 days; and aromatics being biodegraded 200 times faster than in nature they also sometimes use the hydrofireboom to clean the oil up by taking it away from most of the oil and burning it. †¢ Controlled  burning  can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly. But it can only be done in low  wind,and can cause  air pollution. †¢ Dispersants  can be used to dissipate  oil slicks. A dispersant is either a non-surface active  polymer  or a  surface-active substance  added to asuspension, usually a  colloid, to improve the separation of  particles  and to prevent  settling  or  clumping. They may rapidly  disperse  large amounts of certain oil types from the sea  surface  by transferring it into the  water column. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble  micellesthat are rapidly  diluted. The oil is then effectively spread throughout a larger volume of water than the surface from where the oil was dispersed. They can also delay the formation of persistent  oil-in-water emulsions. However, laboratory experiments showed that dispersants increased toxic hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor of up to 100 and may kill fish eggs. Dispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally contaminate  coral. Research indicates that some dispersants are toxic to corals. A 2012 study found that  Corexit  dispersant had increased the toxicity of oil by up to 52 times. †¢ Watch and wait: in some cases, natural attenuation of oil may be most appropriate, due to the invasive nature of facilitated methods of remediation, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as wetlands. †¢ Dredging: for oils dispersed with detergents and other oils denser than water. †¢ Skimming: Requires calm waters at all times during the process. †¢ Solidifying: Solidifiers are composed of dry  hydrophobic  polymers  that both  adsorb  and  absorb. They clean up oil spills by changing the physical state of spilled oil from liquid to a semi-solid or a rubber-like material that floats on water. Solidifiers are  insoluble  in water, therefore the removal of the solidified oil is easy and the oil will not leach out. Solidifiers have been proven to be relatively non-toxic to aquatic and wild life and have been proven to suppress harmful vapors commonly associated with hydrocarbons such as Benzene, Xylene, Methyl Ethyl, Acetone and Naphtha. The reaction time for solidification of oil is controlled by the surf area or size of the polymer as well as the viscosity of the oil. Some solidifier product manufactures claim the solidified oil can be disposed of in landfills, recycled as an additive in asphalt or rubber products, or burned as a low ash fuel. A solidifier called C. I. Agent (manufactured by  C. I. Agent Solutions  of  Louisville, Kentucky) is being used by  BP  in granular form, as well as in Marine and Sheen Booms at  Dauphin Island  and  Fort Morgan, Alabama, to aid in the  Deepwater Horizon oil spill  cleanup. †¢ Vacuum and  centrifuge: oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a centrifuge can be used to separate the oil from the water allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually, the water is returned to the sea, making the process more efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to go back as well. This issue has hampered the use of centrifuges due to a United States regulation limiting the amount of oil in water returned to the sea. Equipment used includes: †¢ Booms: large floating barriers that round up oil and lift the oil off the water †¢ Skimmers: skim the oil Sorbents: large absorbents that absorb oil †¢ Chemical and biological agents: helps to break down the oil †¢ Vacuums: remove oil from beac hes and water surface †¢ Shovels  and other road equipment: typically used to clean up oil on beaches PREVENTION †¢ Secondary containment methods to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons into environment. †¢ Oil Spill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) program by the  United States  Environmental Protection Agency. †¢ Double-hulling build  double hulls  into vessels, which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in case of a collision or grounding. Existing single-hull vessels can also be rebuilt to have a double hull. Offshore oil spill prevention and response  is the study and practice of reducing the number of offshore incidents that release oil or hazardous substances into the environment and limiting the amount released during those incidents. Important aspects of prevention include technological assessment of equipment and procedures, and protocols for training, inspection, and contingency plans for the avoidance, control, and shutdown of offshore operations. Response includes technological assessment of equipment and procedures for cleaning up  oil spills, and protocols for the detection, monitoring, containment, and removal of oil spills, and the restoration of affected wildlife and habitat. CONCLUSION: This course project indicated that many awful effects are brought along with oil spills to human life. Nevertheless, with lots of methods to minimize the those effects of oil spills, in studies based on the current status, root causes and its outer results and by analysing one example of oil spill, BP oil ,new and bright future of human could be obtained for the next generation. REFERENCES _http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oil_spill _http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill _http://www. popularmechanics. com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/biggest-oil-spills-in-history#slide-1 (from slide 1 to 10 , changing the number at the end from 1 to 10) _http://www. mnn. com/eco-glossary/oil-spill British Petroleum Deepwater Accident Investigation Report– September 2010 _Drowning in Oil: BP and the Reckless Pursuit of Profit Loren C. Steffy – McGraw-Hill 2011 _In Too Deep – BP And The Drilling Race That Took It Down Reed Fitzgerald 2011 Bloomberg Press _http:// www. amsa. gov. au/marine_environment_protection/educational_resources_and_information/teachers/the_effects_of_oil_on_wildlife. asp _http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/special_reports/oil_disaster/ _http://www. nwf. org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife. aspx _http://www. latimes. com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-gulf-oil-spill-fish-20130502,0,6888111. story OIL SPILL ABSTRACT:

The Case Against Microsoft Is Based Not Just On Bad Economics, But On Essay Example For Students

The Case Against Microsoft Is Based Not Just On Bad Economics, But On Essay a fundamental misunderstanding of governments decision-making role when it comes to market operations. This misunderstanding has led to an attack on one of the USs most successful firms. It is difficult to measure consumer harms, much less harms that may only occur in the future. A common misconception about antitrust law is that its purpose is to ensure fair competition. Thats not true; antitrust laws purpose is to protect consumers. If fair competition maximizes their welfare, so be it; if monopoly maximizes their welfare thats what the antitrust laws provide for. Its not clear that Microsoft has a monopoly in the first place. Past Microsoft customers are not a captive market, as the Department of Justice portrays them. Rather, Microsoft must continue to add features and functionality to its products to get its Windows 95 consumers to become Windows 98 (and beyond) consumers. Consumers are free to change operating systems at any time. There are such alternatives as Linux with the graphic interface, the Mac OS but the point is that even if there were none Microsofts ability to raise prices is strictly limited by the mere possibility of such an alternatives emergence into the market. We will write a custom essay on The Case Against Microsoft Is Based Not Just On Bad Economics, But On specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Predatory pricing that is, the practice of lowering prices to drive out competition, thus enabling massive price increases later? Well, maybe. There are compelling academic theories that question the possibility of predatory pricing in a free market, but economists universally agree that one component of predatory pricing must be high entry/exit costs. If the competition can enter and exit the market at very low cost, driving them out serves very little purpose, since as soon as you, the monopolist, get around to raising your prices, theyll come right back in and compete those profits away. The purpose of this discussion of pricing strategy is to show that Microsoft, despite its size, still fears its competitors both the ones it sees now and the ones that dont exist yet. That is because they arent quite confident that they have kept up with consumers preferences about how an important tradeoff is to be made. Microsoft products are similar they represent a certain level of standardization and innovation. This is the source of all the nonsense being bandied about regarding network effects that is, the advantage that Microsoft allegedly enjoys because its systems interact more efficiently with one another than with other firms applications. It is just a side effect of Microsofts choosing standardization over innovation a corporate strategy they should be free to pursue. It is perfectly legitimate for consumers to express their preferences about the best way to make this tradeoff; indeed, they do so every day, with their money. It is inappropriate, however, for the government to substitute its judgment of how the standardization-innovation tradeoff should be made for that of the market. Why? Because the market is simply better equipped to make such decisions. Basic economics tells us that prices convey information to firms more efficiently than any other information mechanism. Joel Klein and the other attorneys at the Department of Justice cannot, practically by definition, make informed choices about how to make the various tradeoffs in the software industry. For them to try to do so demonstrates not just hubris but ignorance. And that, at bottom, is the issue in the Microsoft trial. It is not about whether Microsoft is a nice company or whether Bill Gates is a nice person. It is about whom gets to make decisions on how software is made and sold. Do firms get to make those decisions, informed by consumer preferences? Or does the government do so with its well-documented susceptibility to private interests? I think the answer is clear. .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .postImageUrl , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:hover , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:visited , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:active { border:0!important; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:active , .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u22ce3b2e7efc1b7bd955b6db9dd1350b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Big Foot EssayBibliographyThe case against Microsoft is based not just on bad economics, but on a fundamental misunderstanding of governments decision-making role when it comes to market operations. This misunderstanding has led to an attack on one of the USs most successful firms. It is difficult to measure consumer harms, much less harms that may only occur in the future. A common misconception about antitrust law is that its purpose is to ensure fair competition. Thats not true; antitrust laws purpose is to protect consumers. If fair competition maximizes their welfare, so be it; if monopoly maximizes their welfare thats what the antitrust laws provide for. Its not clear that Microsoft has a monopoly in the first place. Past Microsoft customers are not a captive market, as the Department of Justice portrays them. Rather, Microsoft must continue to add features and functionality to its products to get its Windows 95 consumers to become Windows 98 (and beyond) consumers. Consumers are free to change operating systems at any time. There are such alternatives as Linux with the graphic interface, the Mac OS but the point is that even if there were none Microsofts ability to raise prices is strictly limited by the mere possibility of such an alternatives emergence into the market. Predatory pricing that is, the practice of lowering prices to drive out competition, thus enabling massive price increases later? Well, maybe. There are compelling academic theories that question the possibility of predatory pricing in a free market, but economists universally agree that one component of predatory pricing must be high entry/exit costs. If the competition can enter and exit the market at very low cost, driving them out serves very little purpose, since as soon as you, the monopolist, get around to raising your prices, theyll come right back in and compete those profits away. The purpose of this discussion of pricing strategy is to show that Microsoft, despite its size, still fears its competitors both the ones it sees now and the ones that dont exist yet. That is because they arent quite confident that they have kept up with consumers preferences about how an important tradeoff is to be made. Microsoft products are similar they represent a certain level of standardization and innovation. This is the source of all the nonsense being bandied about regarding network effects that is, the advantage that Microsoft allegedly enjoys because its systems interact more efficiently with one another than with other firms applications. It is just a side effect of Microsofts choosing standardization over innovation a corporate strategy they should be free to pursue. It is perfectly legitimate for consumers to express their preferences about the best way to make this tradeoff; indeed, they do so every day, with their money. It is inappropriate, however, for the government to substitute its judgment of how the standardization-innovation tradeoff should be made for that of the market. Why? Because the market is simply better equipped to make such decisions. Basic economics tells us that prices convey information to firms more efficiently than any other information mechanism. Joel Klein and the other attorneys at the Department of Justice cannot, practically by definition, make informed choices about how to make the various tradeoffs in the software industry. For them to try to do so demonstrates not just hubris but ignorance. And that, at bottom, is the issue in the Microsoft trial. It is not about whether Microsoft is a nice company or whether Bill Gates is a nice person. It is about whom gets to make decisions on how software is made and sold. Do firms get to make those decisions, informed by consumer preferences? Or does the government do so with its well-documented susceptibility to private interests? I think the answer is clear.